☑️PRELIMS FACT BOOSTER

💥BharatGen Programme

👉Overview & Launch
•BharatGen is a pioneering government-funded multimodal Large Language Model (LLM) initiative, launched on 30 September 2024 in Delhi. It aims to develop foundational AI models capable of generating text, speech, images, and multimodal content in diverse Indian languages.

•Launched by the Department of Science & Technology (DST) under the National Mission on Interdisciplinary Cyber-Physical Systems (NM-ICPS) and spearheaded by IIT Bombay, alongside premier institutions like IIIT Hyderabad, IIT Mandi, IIT Kanpur, IIT Hyderabad, IIM Indore, and IIT Madras.

👉Key Features
1.Multilingual & Multimodal Models – Developed to process multiple Indian languages and modalities like text, speech, and imagery.
2.India-Centric Datasets – Built on a corpus curated from Indian languages, dialects, and cultural contexts, ensuring data sovereignty.
3.Open-Source Platform – Designed to be inclusive, fostering research and innovation across academia, startups, and government.
4.Public Good Orientation – The models are intended for broad societal use, enhancing equity, cultural preservation, and linguistic diversity.

👉Significance & Alignment
•A cornerstone of Atmanirbhar Bharat, BharatGen aims to reduce reliance on foreign AI technologies by building robust indigenous infrastructure.
•Supports inclusive public service delivery by enabling AI interactions in regional languages, thus improving governance, education, and healthcare.

•Promotes AI literacy and innovation through training programs, hackathons, and collaborations, aiming to build a vibrant research ecosystem.

👉Timeline & Roadmap
•The project is slated for completion by July 2026, encompassing model development, benchmarking, experimentation, and scaling for industry and public institutions.

•Includes creation of Bharat Data Sagar—a comprehensive India-centric data repository for training and evaluation.

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👉Introduction
Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) represent frontier technologies that integrate the physical and digital worlds. They hold transformative potential in education, governance, and healthcare, but their adoption is hindered by socio-economic and ethical concerns.

👉Potential Benefits
1.Education

•AR enables interactive textbooks, immersive field trips, and real-time visualization of complex concepts.
•VR creates virtual classrooms and simulations, making remote learning more engaging.

2.Governance

•AR-based dashboards for disaster management and urban planning.
•VR training modules for defence, law enforcement, and civil services.
•Virtual grievance redressal forums to improve citizen engagement.

3.Healthcare

•AR aids surgeons with overlays during operations.
•VR assists in therapy for PTSD, phobias, and rehabilitation.
•Medical training through realistic simulations.

👉Challenges
•Accessibility: High costs of VR headsets, limited internet penetration in rural areas.
•Digital Divide: Risk of excluding marginalized groups.
•Ethical Concerns: Data privacy, surveillance, and manipulation of perceptions.
•Health Risks: Motion sickness, psychological dependency.
•Policy Gaps: Lack of regulations on usage and accountability.

👉Way Forward
•Develop affordable indigenous AR/VR solutions.
•Public–private partnerships for healthcare and education projects.
•Ethical guidelines ensuring transparency, inclusivity, and data protection.
•Integration with Digital India and Skill India initiatives to bridge gaps.

👉Conclusion
While AR and VR can revolutionize learning, governance, and healthcare, their equitable and ethical adoption requires robust policy frameworks and investments in accessibility, ensuring that technological progress translates into social progress.

☑️Mains Q. on Augmented Reality (AR) & Virtual Reality (VR)

Topic : Science & Technology | GS 3

Q) AR and VR technologies have the potential to revolutionize education, governance, and healthcare, but challenges of accessibility and ethics remain. Discuss.

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👉Click the link here for Solution/Structure : https://x.com/upscwithcsr/status/1955227176153854128?s=46

💥 Mains Q on recent SC verdict on Stray dogs.

Q) Critically analyse the extent to which the judiciary can override executive-implemented statutory rules, with reference to the Supreme Court’s 2025 order on stray dogs.

#upscMains

💥 MCQ on 5th Schedule (Scheduled Areas)

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☑️Cover your Mains GS 1 - 4 syllabus through Q&A in just 75 days.

💥Features of this course :

👉 Daily 10 Q&A according to the schedule (DM For Schedule)

👉 Total 500 Q&A in weekdays

👉 Total 200 Q&A in 10 Sectional Tests

👉 Total 80 Q&A in 4 Full length Tests

👉 12 Essays

✨1:1 Evaluation & Mentorship

It’s MAINS preparation which will help you in clearing PRELIMS.

For more details . Contact - @CSR_UPSC_IAS or Whatspp/call on the number provided above

✨Solution :

Introduction :
The Basic Structure doctrine, evolved in Kesavananda Bharati case, holds that Parliament can amend the Constitution but cannot alter its fundamental identity—features such as supremacy of the Constitution, democracy, rule of law, separation of powers, and fundamental rights. It acts as a substantive check on constitutional amendments even in the absence of explicit textual limits.

Global significance:
• Serves as a judicial safeguard against majoritarian erosion of constitutional values, relevant to democracies facing institutional fragility.
• Provides a model of constitutional “self-defence” that has influenced courts in Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Uganda.
• Demonstrates how judicial innovation can protect unenumerated core principles, even without a formal eternity clause.

Comparative perspective:
• Germany: Explicit “eternity clause” (Art. 79(3) Basic Law) entrenches democracy, federalism, and human dignity; Constitutional Court enforces limits.
• USA: Rigid amendment process under Art. V, but no judicial review of amendments; political process safeguards core values.
• UK: Parliamentary sovereignty—no entrenched limits; constitutional changes made via ordinary law.
• South Africa: Entrenched provisions with supermajority and referendum requirements; Constitutional Court ensures compliance.

Strengths & concerns:
The Indian model offers flexibility and adaptability but invites criticism of judicial overreach and uncertainty in defining “basic structure.”

Conclusion:
Globally, India’s doctrine illustrates a court-led mechanism for constitutional preservation, contrasting with textual entrenchment or political safeguards elsewhere. It underscores that in vulnerable democracies, substantive limits—whether textual or judicial—are vital to protect constitutional identity.

☑️ Mains Q. on Basic Structure and it’s global significance

Q. Analyse the global significance of the Basic Structure doctrine in comparison with constitutional practices in other countries.

#Upsc #UpscMains

☑️PRELIMS FACT BOOSTER

✨what is Cloudburst ?

👉A cloudburst is an extreme amount of rainfall in a short period of time, usually over a small area, leading to flash floods and landslides, especially in hilly or mountainous regions.

👉It is a sudden and very intense rainfall event, typically:
•More than 100 mm (10 cm) of rain in less than an hour
•Over a localized area (e.g., a few square kilometers)
•Often accompanied by thunderstorms and strong winds

👉Common in:
•Himalayan states: Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh
•Western Ghats
•Northeast India

👉How Does It Happen?
1.Warm moist air rises rapidly due to convection.
2.It meets colder air in the upper atmosphere.
3.The moisture condenses very quickly, forming cumulonimbus clouds.
4.These clouds fail to move due to wind pattern stagnation.
5.The trapped moisture dumps all at once in one area = Cloudburst.

👉Effects of Cloudburst
•Flash floods
•Landslides
•Soil erosion
•Destruction of roads, bridges, houses
•Loss of life and property

👉Is Cloudburst a Meteorological Term?

Yes, but IMD (India Meteorological Department) doesn’t use “cloudburst” as a formal forecasting category due to:
•Suddenness
•Small spatial scale
•Lack of predictability

👉Mitigation & Preparedness
•Early warning systems
•Disaster-resilient infrastructure
•Weather forecasting advancements
•Community awareness & evacuation drills

#upsc #Prelims #uttarkashi #cloudburst

☑️ PRELIMS FACT BOOSTER

Topic ; Modern History

✨What is the Round Table Group ?

✨Who is the “Father of Dyarchy” ?

💥Lionel George Curtis

1. British official & Author ; & advocated British Empire Federalism.

2. He is known as the "Father of Dyarchy". ( it's not Montague-Chemsford )

3. His ideas concerning Dyarchy were important in the development of the Government of India Act, 1919.

4. His writings influenced the evolution of the "Commonwealth of Nations" (IR topic)

5. The "Round Table Group" was started by Lionis Curtis and his friends in South Africa after 1906 and it played a very significant part in bringing dyarchy and various elements in the Govt of India Act, 1919.
Curtis requested Sir William Duke who had been the Lt. Governor of Bengal to present his views relating to India. His views were formulated in the "Duke Memorandum", which was a precursor to the Government of India Act, 1919.

#UPSC #Prelims

✨ Does the President of India enjoy Parliamentary Privileges ?

✨Is the President of India a part of the Parliament?

Watch this video to know more on this.

#IndianPolity #UpscPrelims2026

☑️Q) Consider the statements about Biological Diversity Act, 2002

1. The expenses of the National Biodiversity Authority shall be defrayed out from Public Account of India

2. The “National Biodiversity Fund”, established under the act, is not subject to audit by CAG

#upsc

☑️PRELIMS FACT BOOSTER

Topic : Commonwealth of India Bill, 1925 | Modern History

👉The Commonwealth of India Bill, 1925 was a significant but often overlooked attempt by Indian nationalists in Britain to propose a self-governing constitution for India within the British Empire, similar to dominions like Canada and Australia.

👉Background
•Drafted in 1924–25 by Indian students and political activists in Britain, especially those associated with the “Indian Parliamentary Association” and the “India Society” in London.
•The Bill was introduced in the British Parliament in 1925 by George Lansbury, a Labour MP sympathetic to Indian nationalism.

👉Main Provisions

The Commonwealth of India Bill aimed to:
1.Establish full self-government for India within the British Commonwealth, akin to dominion status.
2.Create a bicameral legislature in India with responsibility for all internal matters.
3.Provide equality of citizenship regardless of race, color, religion, or gender.
4.Set up a parliamentary form of government in India with a Prime Minister and cabinet responsible to the legislature.
5.Ensure fundamental rights including:
•Freedom of speech
•Freedom of religion
•Equal rights to education and public employment
6.Retain the British monarch as a symbolic head, as was the case in other dominions.

👉Significance:-

1. Early constitutional vision :
One of the first attempts to draft a modern constitution for India.

2. Influence on later reforms :
Reflected ideas later seen in the Nehru Report (1928) and 1935 Act.

3. Dominion Status demand :
Preceded Congress’s official demand for Dominion Status in 1929.

4. British apathy :
The Bill was never seriously considered in Parliament and was rejected.

#UPSC #UpscPrelims2026

☑️PRELIMS FACT BOOSTER

✨ Topic : REDD vs REDD+ | Environment

✅ What is REDD ( Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation ) ?

👉REDD is a climate change mitigation mechanism developed under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

👉 It aims to provide financial incentives to developing countries to reduce deforestation and forest degradation, which are significant sources of greenhouse gas emissions.

👉Why REDD Was Needed
•Deforestation contributes to ~11% of global CO₂ emissions.
•Forests act as carbon sinks, absorbing CO₂ from the atmosphere.
•Protecting forests is a cost-effective and natural solution to climate change.

👉Core Elements of REDD
1.Avoided Deforestation
•Preventing the cutting down of forests.
2.Avoided Forest Degradation
•Halting the decline in forest quality and biomass.
3.Result-Based Payments
•Countries receive financial support only after verified emission reductions.
4.Developing Countries Focus
•REDD was initially designed only for developing countries with tropical forests.

👉Key Milestones
•Recognized formally in the 2005 COP11 (Montreal) and developed further.
•Later expanded into REDD+ in the 2007 Bali Action Plan (COP13) to include:
•Conservation
•Sustainable forest management
•Enhancement of forest carbon stocks

👉India and REDD
•India supports REDD under UNFCCC.
•Developed National REDD+ Strategy (2018) – though REDD is part of REDD+ now.
•Focus on:
•Community forest management
•Joint Forest Management Committees (JFMCs)
•Forest carbon stock monitoring

☑️What is REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation Plus) ?

👉 REDD+ is a climate change mitigation mechanism developed under the UNFCCC.

👉It goes beyond REDD by including broader forest-related activities like conservation, sustainable forest management, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks.

👉Objectives of REDD+
•Reduce carbon emissions from forest loss and degradation
•Increase forest carbon sequestration
•Promote co-benefits like biodiversity conservation, poverty reduction, and ecosystem services
•Provide financial incentives to developing countries

👉Five Key Activities under REDD+
1.Reducing emissions from deforestation
2.Reducing emissions from forest degradation
3.Conservation of forest carbon stocks
4.Sustainable management of forests
5.Enhancement of forest carbon stocks (e.g., afforestation, reforestation)

👉Safeguards in REDD+ (as per Cancun Agreements, 2010)
•Rights of Indigenous People (FPIC – Free, Prior and Informed Consent)
•Transparent forest governance
•Biodiversity and ecosystem protection
•Equitable benefit-sharing mechanisms

💰 Funding Mechanisms
•Results-based finance: Countries are paid only after verified emission reductions.
•Funded through:
•Green Climate Fund (GCF)
•World Bank’s Forest Carbon Partnership Facility
•Bilateral donors (e.g., Norway, Germany, Japan)

👉India’s Approach to REDD+
•National REDD+ Strategy launched in 2018 by MoEFCC
•Aligned with National Forest Policy 1988
•Implemented through:
•Joint Forest Management Committees (JFMCs)
•State Forest Departments
•Focus on:
•Community participation
•Forest carbon inventory
•Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV)

#Upsc #UpscPrelims2026