🔆 Sarhul Festival – Worship of the Sal Tree

📍 About
✅ Literally means “worship of the Sal tree”
✅ Symbolizes nature worship & marriage of Earth and Sun
✅ Honors Sarna Maa – deity of Sal trees, worshipped at Sarna Sthals (sacred groves)

📍 Region & Tribes
✅ Celebrated in Jharkhand & Chhotanagpur region
✅ By Oraon, Munda, Santal, Khadia, Ho tribes

📍 Time of Celebration
✅ Observed on 3rd day of the moon in Chaitra (spring season)
✅ Celebrations continue till Jeth (June)


#history

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🔆 Sir Sankaran Nair – The Voice of Constitutional Nationalism

📍 Who was he?
Sir Sankaran Nair (1857–1934) was a prominent jurist, social reformer, and nationalist, known for his fearless dissent against British rule and advocacy for civil rights.

✅ Early Life & Legal Career
• Born: 11 July 1857, Malabar Coast
• Law degree: Madras Law College (1879)
• Began practice at Madras High Court in 1880
• Became permanent judge (1908–1915)

✅ Recognition & Government Roles
• Secretary to Raleigh University Commission (1902)
• Commander of the Indian Empire (1904)
• Knighted in 1912
• Member, Viceroy’s Council (1915) – handled Education
• Penned powerful Minutes of Dissent (1919) against colonial policies

✅ Freedom Movement Contributions
• President, Indian National Congress (1897) – first Malayali & among the youngest
• Focused on civil rights, constitutional reform, and Dominion Status
• Headed Indian Central Committee for Simon Commission cooperation (1928)
• Retired after Dominion Status was announced as ultimate goal.

🔆 Apabhramsa School of Art
#Culture #Painting #MedievalIndia #UPSCPrelims #GS1

📍 Overview
✅ Originated in Gujarat and Mewar (Rajasthan)
✅ Time Period: 11th to 15th century CE
✅ Dominated Western Indian painting traditions

📍 Themes & Evolution
✅ Initial Focus: Jain religious themes
✅ Later expanded to include Vaishnava themes (Hindu influence)
✅ Used to illustrate religious texts like Kalpasutra, Kalakacharya Katha

📍 Artistic Features
✅ Bold lines and vibrant colours
✅ Flat background, lack of perspective
✅ Stylized human figures with enlarged eyes
✅ Miniature format on palm leaf and later paper manuscripts

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🔆 Naangarni Spardha: Konkan’s Monsoon Oxen Derby

📍 Event Overview
✅ Naangarni Spardha is a traditional ploughing race held annually during the Konkan monsoon in Ratnagiri district, Maharashtra
✅ Despite heavy rain and a red alert, the 2025 event saw massive participation on July 26–27
✅ Hosted at Vahal-Ambitgaon and Ringane villages (~100 km apart)

📍 Unique Features
✅ Farmers race their prized oxen on a horseshoe-shaped, mud-filled track
✅ Victory is based solely on speed
✅ Any oxen pair touching flags or stepping outside track boundaries is disqualified
✅ Oxen transported in mini-lorries from nearby villages for the competition

📍 Cultural Significance
✅ Takes place during peak monsoon when Ratnagiri’s landscape is lush green with coconut palms and paddy fields
✅ Strengthens community bonding and celebrates rural heritage and farming pride
✅ Many farmers own oxen solely for racing, not agriculture

📍 Participation & Rewards (2025)
✅ Vahal-Ambitgaon:
• 99 oxen pairs
• Top winner: ₹15,000 + Trophy
✅ Ringane:
• 70 traditional oxen + 50 prized Khillar oxen
• Prizes: ₹15,000 to ₹25,000

📍 Broader Implication
✅ Reinforces importance of agro-festivals, community identity, and livelihood traditions
✅ Promotes rural sports as a cultural and emotional outlet amidst challenging monsoons

📍 Prelims Practice Question (UPSC CSE Style)
Q. With reference to Naangarni Spardha, consider the following statements:
1. It is a traditional ploughing race organized in Maharashtra’s Konkan region.
2. Victory in this race is based on the oxen’s ability to plough straight furrows.
3. The event is held during the dry season to avoid damage to agricultural fields.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3

Answer: A

?? Mains Practic

e Question (GS1 – Art & Culture)
Q. “Traditional rural sports such as Naangarni Spardha serve as powerful expressions of cultural identity and community bonding.” Discuss the significance of rural festivals and sports in preserving intangible cultural heritage in India.

(10 marks)

#Culture #Konkan #RuralIndia #UPSCQuestions #NaangarniSpardha #art_and_culture

🔆 INSV Kaundinya: A Voyage into India’s Maritime Heritage

📍 About the Ship
✅ INSV Kaundinya is a stitched sail ship, modeled after a 5th-century CE vessel depicted in the Ajanta cave paintings
✅ Inducted as a naval sailing vessel, it will be based at Karwar

📍 Project & Partnership
✅ Initiated via a tripartite agreement (Jul 2023)
✅ Partners:
• Ministry of Culture
• Indian Navy
• Hodi Innovations (Goa)
✅ Funded by the Ministry of Culture

📍 Design & Craftsmanship
✅ Built using ancient techniques by Kerala artisans under master shipwright Shri Babu Sankaran
✅ Materials: Coconut fibre stitching, coir ropes, wooden joinery, natural resin, cotton sails

📍 Name & Symbolism
✅ Named after Kaundinya, legendary Indian mariner who sailed to Southeast Asia
✅ Motifs on the ship:
• Gandabherunda and Sun on sails
• Simha Yali (mythical creature) on bow
• Harappan-style stone anchor on deck

📍 Why It Matters
✅ Embodies India’s maritime heritage, ancient shipbuilding skills, and Indo-Southeast Asian trade connections
✅ Acts as a floating tribute to India’s cultural diplomacy and oceanic legacy

#prelims
#art_and_culture

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🔆 Preah Vihear Temple: A Sacred Sanctuary on the Cliff

📍 Location & Geography
✅ Located in Preah Vihear province, Cambodia
✅ Perched atop a 1,722 ft cliff in the Dangrek Mountains, which form the Cambodia–Thailand border

📍 Religious & Cultural Significance
✅ Dedicated to Lord Shiva
✅ Name means “Sacred Sanctuary” in Khmer
✅ Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site

📍 Architectural Highlights
✅ Built in the 9th century during the Khmer Empire
✅ Unique for being aligned along a north-south axis (unlike typical east-facing Khmer temples)
✅ Not rectangular in layout — consists of a series of structures spread over 800 metres
✅ Includes grand staircases, causeways, and five gopuras (gate towers) that enhance its spiritual ascent

📝 Prelims Question
Q. Preah Vihear Temple, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is located:
A. On the border of Cambodia and Vietnam
B. In the Angkor Wat temple complex
C. On the Cambodia–Thailand border ✅
D. In the Mekong Delta region

🖋️ Mains Question (GS1 – Culture & Heritage)
Q. Preah Vihear Temple reflects both architectural brilliance and geopolitical sensitivities. Examine its significance in the cultural and political landscape of Southeast Asia.

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🔆 Gangaikonda Cholapuram: The Imperial Chola Capital

📍 Historical Background
✅ Built by Rajendra Chola I (1012–1044 CE) after his victorious campaign to northern India
✅ Name means “City of the Chola who conquered the Ganga” – Ganga water brought to the south in commemoration
✅ Became the Chola imperial capital after Thanjavur, ruling centre for 250+ years

📍 Cultural & Political Significance
✅ One of the largest cities of 11th–12th centuries, comparable to Madurai (Pandya Nadu) & Karur (Chera Nadu)
✅ Mentioned as Gangapuri in Kalingattuparani by Jayankondar

📍 Architectural & Urban Features
✅ Fortified city with inner & outer defensive walls
✅ Outer wall: made of burnt bricks, 6–8 feet wide, filled with sand
✅ Chola Gangam Lake (now Ponneri Lake) dug to mark the northern victory – mentioned in Tiruvalangadu Copper Plates

📍 The Brihadisvara Temple
✅ Built by Rajendra I, rivals the Thanjavur Brihadisvara of Rajaraja Chola I
✅ Part of UNESCO’s Great Living Chola Temples, along with:
– Brihadeeswara Temple (Thanjavur)
– Airavatesvara Temple (Darasuram)

📍 Evidences & Inscriptions
✅ Mentioned in:
– Tiruvalangadu, Esalam, Karanthai Copper Plates
– Literary works: Muvar Ula (Ottakuttar), Rajaraja Cholan Ula
✅ These describe the temple, citadel, and urban structure

📝 Prelims Question
With reference to Gangaikonda Cholapuram, consider the following statements:
1. It was founded by Rajaraja Chola I to mark his southern conquests.
2. The Chola Gangam Lake is now known as Ponneri Lake.
3. It is one of the Great Living Chola Temples under UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Which of the above statements are correct?
A. 2 and 3 only ✅
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. All of the above

👉 Correct Answer: A

🖋️ Mains Question (GS1 – Art & Culture/History)
Q. Gangaikonda Cholapuram represents not just imperial power but also architectural excellence and urban planning under the Cholas. Discuss with reference to its historical and cultural significance. (250 words)

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📍 What is Chhota-datar?
✅ A tribal tradition of informal justice, where the entire community of the accused is punished for a serious offence like murder, sexual assault, or infidelity.
✅ Once declared, the community is forced to leave, homes are looted or torched, and families are scattered.

📍 Impact on Kodarvis
✅ Nearly 300 members were displaced in 2014, forced to flee their homes overnight.
✅ They lived in makeshift shelters, working as daily wagers, earning ₹200–300/day.
✅ Their social and economic fabric was shattered.

📍 The Return (2024)
✅ After years of appeals to the panchayat, police, and state government, district police brokered peace between the warring Kodarvi and Dabhir tribes.
✅ The Kodarvis returned to Mota Pipodara on July 17, after reconciliation meetings and emotional reunions.

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🔆 Mahendravarman Style of Architecture (Pallava Art)

📍 Initiated during the reign of Mahendravarman I (610–630 AD), this style pioneered a shift towards rock-cut temples and Jain architectural influence.

✅ Key Features:
• New Temple Style: Emergence of rock-cut pillared halls carved into mountain faces, moving away from brick, lime, and wood
• Mandapas: Introduction of apsidal garbhagriha, with carved toranas above doorways
• Dvarapalas: Guardian figures depicted prominently at entrances
• Sculptural Relief: Shallow carvings due to hard stone, keeping ornamentation minimal
• Jain Influence: Design elements and structural aesthetics borrowed from Jain architecture

✅ Notable Examples:
• Cave temples at Mandagapattu, Mamallapuram, Pallavaram, Mahendravadi, Mamandur, and the Rockfort temple (Tiruchirapalli)


📌 #AncientIndia #TempleArchitecture #PallavaDynasty #ArtAndCulture #UPSCPrelims #GS1

🔆 Centre Hosts Workshop on Jain Manuscriptology to Preserve Indic Knowledge

✅ The Ministry of Minority Affairs, under the Pradhan Mantri Jan Vikas Karyakram (PMJVK), organised a National Workshop on Jain Manuscriptology at Gujarat University

📍 Key Objectives:
✅ Promote academic study of Jain manuscripts—a treasure trove of spiritual, literary, and philosophical knowledge
✅ Enhance Indic knowledge systems and preserve minority cultural heritage

📍 Organisers & Scope:
✅ Organised by Gujarat University’s Department for Validation of Indic Knowledge
✅ Funded under PMJVK
✅ Involved scholars, Jain monks, academics, and government officials
✅ Part of a broader vision to uplift all six notified minority communities:
 • Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Parsis, and Jains

📍 Larger Initiative:
✅ Linked to preservation of heritage languages (e.g. Avesta, Pahlavi for Parsis in Mumbai University)
✅ Reflects India’s push for inclusive cultural policy and civilisational depth in policymaking

Prelims MCQ
Q. The Jain Manuscriptology Workshop recently held by the Centre was organised under which of the following schemes?
A. Scheme for Protection of Heritage Sites
B. National Archives Digitisation Programme
C. Pradhan Mantri Jan Vikas Karyakram
D. National Mission on Manuscripts
✅ Answer: C

Mains Question
(GS1 – 150 words)
Preserving traditional knowledge systems like Jain Manuscriptology is essential for civilisational con

tinuity. Discuss the role of cultural policy and minority welfare schemes in this context.
#GS1rong>g>ckquote>