Ethiopian contextcauses of hemorrhagic fever
🇪🇹 1. Crimean–Congo Hemorrhagic Fever
Vector:Hyalomma ticks
(common in pastoral and livestock areas).
Reservoir: Cattle, goats, sheep — asymptomatic carriers.
Transmission: Tick bite or contact with infected animal blood/tissues.
Reported outbreaks: Several, especially in Oromia, Afar, Somali, and Amhara regions.
Clinical clues: Sudden fever, myalgia, GI bleeding, petechiae, liver dysfunction.
🇪🇹 2. Rift Valley Fever
Likely during heavy rain and flooding seasons.
Reservoir: Sheep, goats, cattle.
Vector: Aedes and Culex mosquitoes.
Transmission: Mosquito bite or handling infected animal products.
History: Outbreaks reported in East Africa (Kenya, Sudan, Somalia); risk spillover to Ethiopia, especially in lowland areas (Afar, Somali, SNNPR).
Clues: Fever, jaundice, ocular signs, hemorrhage, hepatitis picture.
🇪🇹 3. Yellow Fever
Endemic pockets: Confirmed outbreaks in South Omo Zone (SNNPR), Wolaita, and Gambella.
Vector: Aedes aegypti.
Clues: Fever → jaundice → hemorrhage (classic "black vomit").
🇪🇹 4. Dengue Fever (including Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever)
Emerging in Ethiopia, especially Dire Dawa, Gode, Somali region, and Afar.
Vector: Aedes aegypti (urban transmission).
Outbreaks: Multiple since 2013.
Hemorrhagic form (DHF/DSS) occurs with secondary infections.
🇪🇹 5. Lassa Fever
Rare but possible (imported or border risk).
Reservoir: Mastomys rats (found in parts of Ethiopia).
Transmission: Contact with rodent urine/feces or patient fluids.
Suspected but not widely confirmed cases occasionally reported near borders with South Sudan.
🇪🇹 6. Ebola / Marburg Virus Disease
Very rare / imported risk only.
No known indigenous outbreak in Ethiopia.
Marburg has occurred in Uganda and Kenya, so border surveillance is vital.
Transmission: Human-to-human, body fluids.
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