Correct Answer - D
Ans. D. Flexor reflex
[Ref Understanding of medical physiology p. 680]
Withdrawal reflex is a typical protective reflex.
A painful stimulus applied to the hand or foot results in withdrawal of
the limb.
Withdrawal involves flexion of the limb therefore it is also called as
flexion reflex.
Flexion results from contraction of flexor muscles and relaxation of
extensor muscles.
Simultaneous contraction of flexors and relaxation of extensors is
brought about by reciprocal innervation.

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Correct Answer - A
Ans. A. cAMP
Muscarinic receptors (cholinergic receptors) in heart are M2 type.
These are responsible for vagus mediated bradycardia.
M2 mediated actions are through cAMP

Correct Answer - A
Ans. is 'a' i.e., GLP-1
Recently, attention has been focused on glucagon - like polypeptide
1 (7-36) (GLP-1 [7-36]) as an additional gut factor for insulin
secretion and GLP-1 (7-36) is more potent insulinotropic hormone.
Regulation of insulin secretion
Factors affecting insulin secretion are : -
i) Simulating insulin secretion :- Glucose; Mannose; Amino acids
(arginine, leucine); Intestinal hormones (GIP. Gastrin, Secretin,
CCK, GLP -1); β-keto acids; Parasympethetic stimulation
(acetylcholine); cAMP; β-adrenergic stimulation; theophylline;
Sulfonylureas; and certain endocrine hormones like growth
hormone, Glucagon and glucocorticoids.
ii) Inhibiting insulin secretion : - Somatostatin; 2-deoxyglucose;
mannoheptulose; a-adrenergic stimulation, P-adrenergic inhibitors;
galanin; Diazoxide; Thiazide diuretics; K
+ depletion; Phenytoin;
Alloxan; microtubule inhibitors; and insulin itself