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UPSC History

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Телеграм канал UPSC History @Upsc_4_history добавлен на наш сайт 29.06.2025
Информация о канале обновлена 14.08.2025.

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🔆 Shivaji’s Administration & the Maratha Legacy

📍 Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj (1630–1680)
• Founded a self-governed Hindu kingdom amid Mughal decline
• Known for military discipline, administrative reform, and resilience

✅ Key Administrative Features
• Formed the Ashtapradhan (Council of Eight Ministers)
Peshwa (PM), Amatya (Finance), Mantri, Sacheev, etc.
• Divided empire into provinces, districts, and parganas
• Introduced Ryotwari system & Kathi system for land measurement

✅ Revenue & Military
• Chauth (25%) & Sardeshmukhi (10%) taxes on non-Maratha lands
• Controlled corrupt Mirasdars
• Maintained a 30,000+ strong cavalry
• Developed India’s first naval force to guard coastal trade
• Master of guerrilla warfare and fort-building

📍 Maratha Succession
• Sambhaji (1681–89): Martyr in resistance
• Rajaram (1689–1700): Resistance from Ginjee Fort
• Tara Bai (1700–1714): Led in her son’s name
• Shahu (from 1713): Appointed Peshwas, giving rise to Maratha confederacy

✅ Marathas became the biggest challenge to Mughal power — and later, a major force in 18th-century Indian politics.

#Shivaji #MarathaEmpire

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🔆 Potti Sriramulu – The Martyr for Andhra State

📍 About
✅ Born 16 March 1901 in Nellore (then Madras Presidency)
✅ Known as ‘Amarajeevi’ for sacrificing his life for Andhra’s statehood
✅ Advocate for Dalit upliftment and social justice

📍 Freedom Struggle
✅ Inspired by Mahatma Gandhi
✅ Took part in Non-Cooperation (1920-22), Salt Satyagraha (1930), Individual Satyagraha (1941-42)
✅ Imprisoned with Gandhi during Quit India Movement (1942)

📍 Fight for Andhra
✅ Began hunger strike on 19 Oct 1952 demanding separate Andhra from Madras Presidency
✅ Died after 58 days on 15 Dec 1952 in Mylapore
✅ Sacrifice led to Andhra’s announcement (19 Dec 1952) & statehood on 1 Nov 1956

📍 Social Work
✅ Village reconstruction work in Rajkot, Gujarat
✅ Supported Dalit entry into temples through multiple fasts

#history

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🔆 Aurangzeb & the Rise of Maratha Resistance

📍 Aurangzeb (1658–1707) was the last powerful Mughal ruler. Under him, the empire expanded to its greatest territorial extent — but at the cost of internal unrest.

✅ Religious Policies
• Reimposed Jizya tax on non-Muslims (1679)
• Ordered demolition of Hindu temples (e.g., Kashi Vishwanath, Mathura)
• Executed Guru Tegh Bahadur, fueling Sikh resistance

✅ Administrative & Economic Policies
• Tightened control over Subahdars & Zamindars
• Implemented Daag & Chehra systems for military reform
• Introduced Fatawa-e-Alamgiri (Islamic legal code)
• Heavy taxation & neglect of irrigation led to peasant distress
• Spent heavily on wars with Marathas & Rajputs
• Decline in patronage to arts, trade, and infrastructure

📍 Maratha Emergence under Chhatrapati Shivaji
• Used guerrilla warfare & hill forts of Western Ghats
• Unified Marathas through Bhakti leaders like Sant Tukaram
• In 1674, Shivaji was crowned, founding the Maratha Empire

📍 Sambhaji Maharaj (1681–1689)
• Continued resistance against Mughals
• Raided Burhanpur (1681)
• Betrayed and captured in 1689; executed after refusing to convert

#History #Aurangzeb #Marathas #Shivaji #MughalDecline