A: Algorithm - A set of rules or instructions for solving a problem or completing a task.
B: Big Data - Large and complex datasets that traditional data processing applications are unable to handle efficiently.
C: Classification - A type of machine learning task that involves assigning labels to instances based on their characteristics.
D: Data Mining - The process of discovering patterns and extracting useful information from large datasets.
E: Ensemble Learning - A machine learning technique that combines multiple models to improve predictive performance.
F: Feature Engineering - The process of selecting, extracting, and transforming features from raw data to improve model performance.
G: Gradient Descent - An optimization algorithm used to minimize the error of a model by adjusting its parameters iteratively.
H: Hypothesis Testing - A statistical method used to make inferences about a population based on sample data.
I: Imputation - The process of replacing missing values in a dataset with estimated values.
J: Joint Probability - The probability of the intersection of two or more events occurring simultaneously.
K: K-Means Clustering - A popular unsupervised machine learning algorithm used for clustering data points into groups.
L: Logistic Regression - A statistical model used for binary classification tasks.
M: Machine Learning - A subset of artificial intelligence that enables systems to learn from data and improve performance over time.
N: Neural Network - A computer system inspired by the structure of the human brain, used for various machine learning tasks.
O: Outlier Detection - The process of identifying observations in a dataset that significantly deviate from the rest of the data points.
P: Precision and Recall - Evaluation metrics used to assess the performance of classification models.
Q: Quantitative Analysis - The process of using mathematical and statistical methods to analyze and interpret data.
R: Regression Analysis - A statistical technique used to model the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables.
S: Support Vector Machine - A supervised machine learning algorithm used for classification and regression tasks.
T: Time Series Analysis - The study of data collected over time to detect patterns, trends, and seasonal variations.
U: Unsupervised Learning - Machine learning techniques used to identify patterns and relationships in data without labeled outcomes.
V: Validation - The process of assessing the performance and generalization of a machine learning model using independent datasets.
W: Weka - A popular open-source software tool used for data mining and machine learning tasks.
X: XGBoost - An optimized implementation of gradient boosting that is widely used for classification and regression tasks.
Y: Yarn - A resource manager used in Apache Hadoop for managing resources across distributed clusters.
Z: Zero-Inflated Model - A statistical model used to analyze data with excess zeros, commonly found in count data.

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   - Define the problem
   - Gather and preprocess data
   - Choose a model and train it
   - Evaluate model performance
   - Tune and optimize the model
   - Deploy and maintain the model

2. Supervised vs Unsupervised Learning:
   - Supervised Learning: Uses labeled data for training (e.g., predicting house prices from features).
   - Unsupervised Learning: Uses unlabeled data to find patterns or groupings (e.g., clustering customer segments).

3. Evaluation Metrics for Regression:
   - Mean Absolute Error (MAE)
   - Mean Squared Error (MSE)
   - Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE)
   - R-squared (coefficient of determination)

4. Overfitting and Prevention:
   - Overfitting: Model learns the noise instead of the underlying pattern.
   - Prevention: Use simpler models, cross-validation, regularization.

5. Bias-Variance Tradeoff:
   - Balancing error due to bias (underfitting) and variance (overfitting) to find an optimal model complexity.

6. Cross-Validation:
   - Technique to assess model performance by splitting data into multiple subsets for training and validation.

7. Feature Selection Techniques:
   - Filter methods (e.g., correlation analysis)
   - Wrapper methods (e.g., recursive feature elimination)
   - Embedded methods (e.g., Lasso regularization)

8. Assumptions of Linear Regression:
   - Linearity
   - Independence of errors
   - Homoscedasticity (constant variance)
   - No multicollinearity

9. Regularization in Linear Models:
   - Adds a penalty term to the loss function to prevent overfitting by shrinking coefficients.

10. Classification vs Regression:
    - Classification: Predicts a categorical outcome (e.g., class labels).
    - Regression: Predicts a continuous numerical outcome (e.g., house price).

11. Dimensionality Reduction Algorithms:
    - Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
    - t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE)

12. Decision Tree:
    - Tree-like model where internal nodes represent features, branches represent decisions, and leaf nodes represent outcomes.

13. Ensemble Methods:
    - Combine predictions from multiple models to improve accuracy (e.g., Random Forest, Gradient Boosting).

14. Handling Missing or Corrupted Data:
    - Imputation (e.g., mean substitution)
    - Removing rows or columns with missing data
    - Using algorithms robust to missing values

15. Kernels in Support Vector Machines (SVM):
    - Linear kernel
    - Polynomial kernel
    - Radial Basis Function (RBF) kernel

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